Biology

Nobel Winners in Medicine and Physiology

Name of scientist	Year	Topic of study or discovery
Emil Adolf Von Behring	1901	Serum therapy for giving acquired passive immunity against diphtheria.
Sir Ronald Ross	1902	Study of life cycle of malaria. He laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it.
Niels Ryberg Finsen	1903	Treatment of dermal diseases (especially lupus vulgaris) with light radiation.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov	1904	Physiology of digestion.
Robert Koch	1905	Studies on tuberculosis
Camillo Golgi and Ramon Cajal	1906	Structure of nervous system and control mechanism
E. Buchner	1907	Named Zymase enzyme of yeast
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran	1907	Role of protozoans in causing diseases
Paul Ehrlich and Ilya Metchnikoff	1908	Work on body resistance and phagocytosis (work on immunity)
Emil Theodor Kocher	1909	Physiology, pathology and surgery of thyroid gland
Albrecht Kossel	1910	Chemistry of cell nucleus (including proteins, purines and pyrimidines)
Allvar Gullstrand	1911	Study of Dioptrics of eye
Alexis Carrel	1912	Vascular suture and transplantation of blood vessels and organs
Charles Robert Richet	1913	Work on Anaphylaxis
Robert Barany	1914	Physiology and pathology of vestibular apparatus
1915-18 not awarded
Jules Bordet	1919	Discoveries relating to immunology
Schack August & Steenberg Krogh	1920	Anatomy and physiology of blood capillaries (capillary motor regulating mechanism)
1921 not awarded
Archibald Vivian Hill	1922	discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle
Otto Meyerhof	1922	Study of correlation between oxygen consumption and metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle cells.
Sir Frederick Grant Banting and John James Richard Macleod	1923	Discovery of insulin
Wilhelm Einthoven	1924	ECG
1925 not awarded
Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger	1926	Cancer, discovery of Spiroptera carcinoma
T. Svedberg	1926	Discovery of centrifuge
Julius Wagner-Jauregg	1927	Therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica
Charles Jules Henri Nicolle	1928	Research on typhus
Christiaan Eijkman	1929	Discovery of the antineuritic vitamin
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins	1929	Discovery of growth stimulating vitamins
Karl Landsteiner	1930	ABO blood groups in man
Otto Heinrich Warburg	1931	Nature and action of respiratory enzymes
Edgar Douglas Adrian and Sir Charles Scott Sherrington	1932	Physiology of nervous system (functions of neurons)
Thomas Hunt Morgan	1933	Role of chromosomes in heredity
William Parry Murphy, George Richards Minot & George Hoyt Whipple	1934	Liver therapy against anaemia
Hans Spemann	1935	Discovery of organiser effect in embryonic development
Sir Henry Hallett Dale & Otto Loewi	1936	Transmission of nerve impulses by chemical transmitter
Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrapolt	1937	For his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, and chemical changes in muscle contraction with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid.
Corneille Jean François Heymans	1938	Role of carotid sinus in regulation of respiration
Gerhard Domagk	1939	Antibacterial effects of sulphonamide drugs (prontosil)
1940-42 not awarded
Henrik Carl Peter Dam	1943	Discovery of vitamin K
Edward Adelbert Doisy	1943	Chemical nature of vitamin K
Herbert Spencer Gasser & Joseph Erlanger	1944	Discoveries relating to differentiated functions of single nerve fibre
Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain & Sir Howard Walter Florey	1945	Penicillin and its curative effect in some infectious diseases
Hermann Joseph Muller	1946	Production of mutations by X-ray irradiations in Drosophila
Sumner J.B	1946	Crystallised the first enzyme urease, suggested that enzymes are structurally proteins
Carl Ferdinand Cori & Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz	1947	Catalytic conversion of glycogen (Cori cycle)
Bernardo Alberto Houssay	1947	Discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar
Paul Hermann Muller	1948	Properties of DDT as contact insecticide
Walter Rudolf Hess	1949	Discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs
Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz	1949	Discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses
Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein & Philip Showalter Hench	1950	Hormones of adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects
Max Theiler	1951	Yellow fever and methods to control it
Selman Abraham Waksman	1952	Discovery of streptomycin- first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis
Fritz Albert Lipmann	1953	Discovery of coenzyme A and its role in metabolism of carbohydrates
Hans Adolf Krebs	1953	Krebs? cycle
John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller & Frederick Chapman Robbins	1954	Ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in tissue culture
Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell	1955	Nature and mode of action of oxidative enzymes in the cell
André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann & Dickinson W. Richards	1956	Heart catheterization and pathological changes in circulatory system
Daniel Bovet	1957	Action of some synthetic substances on vessels and muscles
George Wells Beadle & Edward Lawrie Tatum	1958	Genes act by regulating definite chemical events (One gene one enzyme concept)
Joshua Lederberg	1958	Lederberg and Tautum gave genetic recombination in bacteria
Severo Ochoa & Arthur Kornberg	1959	*In vitro* synthesis of polynucleotides of nucleic acids
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet & Peter Brian Medawar	1960	Discovery of acquired immunity tolerance to tissue transplant
Georg Von Bekesy	1961	discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea (internal ear)
Calvin M.	1961	Discovered the path of carbon in photosynthesis
Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson & Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins	1962	Double helical model of DNA and its significance for information transfer in living material
Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin & Andrew Fielding Huxley	1963	Transmission of nerve impulses along nerve fibre (Concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the nerve cell membrane)
Konrad Bloch & Feodor Lynen	1964	Biosynthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids
François Jacob, André Lwoff & Jacques Monod	1965	Operon concept; genetic regulation of coenzymes
Peyton Rous	1966	Discovery of tumour-inducing viruses (first oncogenic virus- Rous Sarcoma virus (RSV)
Charles Brenton Huggins	1966	Causes and hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer
Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline & George Wald	1967	Chemical and physiological visual processes in eye.
Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana & Marshall W. Nirenberg	1968	Deciphering of genetic code and its function in protein synthesis; Holley got Nobel prize for giving the structure of RNA.
Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey & Salvador E. Luria	1969	Reproduction in viruses (replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses)
Julius Axelrod, Bernard Kartz and von Euler	1970	Humoral transmitter substances and their role nerve terminals
Norman Borlaugh	1970	Nobel prize in peace for developing high yielding, Mexican dwarf disease resistant varieties of wheat like Sonora 64 and Lerma Rojo.
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.	1971	Role of cyclic AMP in hormone action
Gerald M. Edelman & Rodney R. Porter	1972	Chemical structure of antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz & Nikolaas Tinbergen	1973	Organisation and elicitation of individual dancing movements and social behaviour pattern in insects
Albert Claude, Christian de Duve & George E. Palade	1974	Ultrastructure of cell and structural and functional organisation of cell.
David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco & Howard Martin Temin	1975	Concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell (Reverse transcription and tumor viruses)
Baruch S. Blumberg & D. Carleton Gajdusek	1976	Origin and dissemination of cancer and infectious diseases
Roger Guillemin & Andrew V. Schally	1977	Peptide hormone production in brain
Rosalyn Yalow	1977	For the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones
Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans & Hamilton O. Smith	1978	Restriction endonucleases enzymes that break giant molecules DNA into manageable pieces and produce sticky ends.
Allan M. Cormack & Godfrey N. Hounsfield	1979	Development of computerised assisted tomography (CAT) scanner.
Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset & George D. Snell	1980	Study of heredity qualities determining transplantability of tissue between individuals and affect susceptibility of persons to important group of diseases.
Sanger	1980	Nobel prize in chemistry twice- one for structure of insulin (1958) and second time for base sequence in DNA (1980)
David H. Hubel & Torsten N. Wiesel	1981	Collaborative discoveries concerning information processing in visual system.
Roger W. Sperry	1981	Functional specialisation of cerebral hemispheres.
Sune K. Bergstrom, Bengt I. Samuelsson & John R. Vane	1982	Isolation and identification of numerous prostaglandins and study of their biological effects
Klug A.	1982	Nucleic acids and protein complexes
Barbara McClintock	1983	She is called Lady Mendel as she was first lady geneticist. She discovered mobile genetic elements (floating genes or jumping genes or Transposon) in Maize
Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler & César Milstein	1984	Specificity in development and control of immune system and iscovery of principle for production of monoclonal antibodies
Michael S. Brown & Joseph L. Goldstein	1985	Regulation of cholesterol metabolism and cholesterol related diseases
Stanley Cohen & Rita Levi-Montalcini	1986	Discovery of growth factors
Susumu Tonegawa	1987	Discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity and body?s immune defence.
Deisenhoffer J., R. Huber and H. Michel	1988	Determination of 3D structure of photosynthetic reaction centre
Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion & George H. Hitchings	1988	For discoveries leading to a series of new drugs and their effects
Cech and Altmann	1989	Nobel prize in chemistry for the remarkable discovery of RNA acting as catalytic enzyme and thus the monopoly of enzyme to be protein is changed. Ribozyme and rnase-P are 2 such non-protein enzymes
J. Michael Bishop & Harold E. Varmus	1989	Discovered oncogenes related with cancer
Joseph E. Murray & E. Donnall Thomas	1990	Discovery of medicine for organ and cell transplantation. Dr. Murray made first successful human kidney transplant in identical twins
Erwin Neher & Bert Sakmann	1991	Function of single ion channel in the cells
Edmond H. Fischer & Edwin G. Krebs	1992	Reverse protein phosphorylation with respect to ATP generator.
Richard J. Roberts & Phillip A. Sharp	1993	Deciphering eukaryotic gene structure and discovered split genes (having exons and introns) in eukaryotes
Kary B. Mullis		Developed technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This allows to take millions of copies of DNA within hours
Smith M.		Developed site directed mutagenesis. This allows scientists to choose sites for producing mutations
Alfred G. Gilman & Martin Rodbell	1994	Discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"
Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nusslein-Volhard & Eric F. Wieschaus	1995	Genetic mechanism to control early embryonic development using Drosophila
Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zinkerangel	1996	They discovered how the body detects virus-infected cells (discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence). Their discovery has laid a foundation for the construction of improved vaccines and new therapies against cancer, multiple sclerosis and diabetes.
Stanley Prusiner	1997	He discovered ?prions? (a new biological principle of infection) which are proteins having no RNA or DNA
Robert E. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad	1998	*?Nitric oxide as a signalling molecule?* in the cardiovascular system and their discoveries led to the use of the Viagra an anti-impotence drug**
Gunter Blobel	1999	Proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell (contributed to the understanding of a number of human diseases including cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer?s disease and AIDS).
Carrison. A, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel	2000	Carrison: discovered dopamine Kandel: discovered neurotransmitters. Greengard: transmission of impulses by neurotransmitters
Hartwell L., Timothy Hunt and Paul Nurse	2001	Discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle
Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Howvitz and John E. Sulzton	2002	Discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death
Paul Lautebur and Peter Mansfield	2003	Discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging
Linda Buck and Richard Axel	2004	Discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system
Barry J. Marshell, J. Robbin Warren	2005	*Discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori* and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease**
Andrew Fair, Craig Mellow	2006	Discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans & Oliver Smithies	2007	Discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
Luke Montainer & Barray Sinoosi	2008	Discovered HIV.
Harold Sir Hossen	2008	Discovered Papiloma virus responsible for uterus cancer.
Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Jack W. Szostak & Carol W. Greider	2009	Discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase
Robert G. Edwards	2010	*Development of in vitro* fertilization**
Bruce A. Beutler, Jules A. Hoffmann	2011	Discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity
Ralph M. Steinman	2011	Discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity
Sir John B Gurdon & Shinya Yamanaka	2012	For the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent.

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