Biology
The Calvin cycle is also known as the light independent reactions, as they can occur in the dark. It occurs inside the stroma of the chloroplasts. There are three stages: carbon dioxide fixation, reduction of carbon dioxide, and regeneration of ribulose biphosphate.
Carbon dioxide is initially accepted by ribulose biphosphate to become a 6 carbon unstable intermediate, which breaks down to form two molecules of 3 phosphoglycerate. This reaction is catalysed by RuBP carboxylase, or Rubisco. 3-phosphoglycerate is later phosphorylated by a molecule of ATP to form 1,3-biphosphoglycerate and ADP. 1,3-biphosphoglycerate is later reduced by NADPH to form phosphoglyceraldehyde (GALP) and NADP. 1/6 of all GALP formed is channelled to form sugars and other useful substances for the plant. The remaining 5/6 of GALP undergoes a series of chemical reactions and is phosphorylated by ATP again to regenerate RuBP.
- Glycolysis
Glycolysis the breakdown of a glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules. It is an example of substrate level phosphorylation. It occurs in the cytoplasm, whether in aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Glucose > Glucose-6-phosphate > Fructose-6-phosphate...
- Q: Outline The Main Features Of A Krebs Cycle
The Krebs cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. It occurs only in aerobic conditions, that is, only when oxygen is present. Its main function is to oxidise acetyl CoA generated from glycolysis. In the Krebs cycle, acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate...
- #100 Chloroplasts
Photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts. These are organelles surrounded by 2 membranes, called an envelope. Chloroplasts are found in mesophyll cells in leaves: - Palisade mesophyll cells contain most chloroplasts. - Spongy...
- #99 Photosynthesis Overview
Photosynthesis is a series of reactions in which energy transferred as light is transformed to chemical energy. Energy from light is trapped by chlorophyll, and this energy is then used to ? split apart the strong bonds in water molecules to release...
- #98 Photosynthesis Syllabus
13.1 Photosynthesis as an energy transfer process 13.2 Investigation of limiting factors 13.3 Adaptations for photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the energy transfer process that is the basis of much of life on Earth....
Biology
Calvin Cycle
The Calvin cycle is also known as the light independent reactions, as they can occur in the dark. It occurs inside the stroma of the chloroplasts. There are three stages: carbon dioxide fixation, reduction of carbon dioxide, and regeneration of ribulose biphosphate.
Carbon dioxide is initially accepted by ribulose biphosphate to become a 6 carbon unstable intermediate, which breaks down to form two molecules of 3 phosphoglycerate. This reaction is catalysed by RuBP carboxylase, or Rubisco. 3-phosphoglycerate is later phosphorylated by a molecule of ATP to form 1,3-biphosphoglycerate and ADP. 1,3-biphosphoglycerate is later reduced by NADPH to form phosphoglyceraldehyde (GALP) and NADP. 1/6 of all GALP formed is channelled to form sugars and other useful substances for the plant. The remaining 5/6 of GALP undergoes a series of chemical reactions and is phosphorylated by ATP again to regenerate RuBP.
- Glycolysis
Glycolysis the breakdown of a glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules. It is an example of substrate level phosphorylation. It occurs in the cytoplasm, whether in aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Glucose > Glucose-6-phosphate > Fructose-6-phosphate...
- Q: Outline The Main Features Of A Krebs Cycle
The Krebs cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. It occurs only in aerobic conditions, that is, only when oxygen is present. Its main function is to oxidise acetyl CoA generated from glycolysis. In the Krebs cycle, acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate...
- #100 Chloroplasts
Photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts. These are organelles surrounded by 2 membranes, called an envelope. Chloroplasts are found in mesophyll cells in leaves: - Palisade mesophyll cells contain most chloroplasts. - Spongy...
- #99 Photosynthesis Overview
Photosynthesis is a series of reactions in which energy transferred as light is transformed to chemical energy. Energy from light is trapped by chlorophyll, and this energy is then used to ? split apart the strong bonds in water molecules to release...
- #98 Photosynthesis Syllabus
13.1 Photosynthesis as an energy transfer process 13.2 Investigation of limiting factors 13.3 Adaptations for photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the energy transfer process that is the basis of much of life on Earth....