Biology
- #53 Summary Of Smoking
1 Tobacco smoke contains tar, carbon monoxide and nicotine. 2 Tar settles on the epithelium lining the bronchi and bronchioles and stimulates inflammation, an increase in the secretion of mucus and an accumulation of phagocytes...
- #52 Cigarette Smoking And Health
Smoking is one of the major avoidable risk factors of chronic, life-threatening diseases of the gas exchange and circulatory systems. The smoke from cigarettes contains several substances that affect the gas exchange system and...
- #51 Summary Of Gas Exchange
1 Multicellular organisms often have surfaces that are specialised to allow exchange of gases to take place between their bodies and the environment. Alveoli in the lungs form the gas exchange surface in mammals. 2 In the human...
- #50 The Gas Exchange System
All organisms take in gases from their environment and release gases to the environment. Animals take in O2 for aerobic respiration and release CO2. Plants also respire, but during daylight hours they photosynthesise at a greater rate than...
- #43.1 Transport In Mammals - Syllabus 2015
? The need for, and functioning of, a transport system in mammals ? Structure and functioning of the mammalian heart Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: (m) [PA] describe the structures of arteries, veins and capillaries and be able to...
Biology
#49.1 Gas exchange And Smoking Syllabus 2015
? The gas exchange system
? Smoking and smoking-related diseases
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) [PA] describe the structure of the human gas exchange system, including the microscopic structure of the walls of the trachea, bronchioles and alveoli with their associated blood vessels;
(b) [PA] describe the distribution of cartilage, ciliated epithelium, goblet cells and smooth muscle in the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles;
(c) describe the functions of cartilage, cilia, goblet cells, mucous glands, smooth muscle and elastic fibres in the gas exchange system;
(d) describe the process of gas exchange between air in the alveoli and the blood;
(e) describe the effects of tar and carcinogens in tobacco smoke on the gas exchange system;
(f) describe the signs and symptoms that enable diagnosis of lung cancer and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) (emphysema and chronic bronchitis);
(g) describe the effects of nicotine and carbon monoxide on the cardiovascular system;
(h) explain how tobacco smoking contributes to atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD);
(i) evaluate the epidemiological and experimental evidence linking cigarette smoking to disease and early death;
(j) discuss the difficulties in achieving a balance between preventions and cure with reference to coronary heart disease, coronary by-pass surgery and heart transplant surgery;
(k) use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
? Smoking and smoking-related diseases
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) [PA] describe the structure of the human gas exchange system, including the microscopic structure of the walls of the trachea, bronchioles and alveoli with their associated blood vessels;
(b) [PA] describe the distribution of cartilage, ciliated epithelium, goblet cells and smooth muscle in the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles;
(c) describe the functions of cartilage, cilia, goblet cells, mucous glands, smooth muscle and elastic fibres in the gas exchange system;
(d) describe the process of gas exchange between air in the alveoli and the blood;
(e) describe the effects of tar and carcinogens in tobacco smoke on the gas exchange system;
(f) describe the signs and symptoms that enable diagnosis of lung cancer and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) (emphysema and chronic bronchitis);
(g) describe the effects of nicotine and carbon monoxide on the cardiovascular system;
(h) explain how tobacco smoking contributes to atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD);
(i) evaluate the epidemiological and experimental evidence linking cigarette smoking to disease and early death;
(j) discuss the difficulties in achieving a balance between preventions and cure with reference to coronary heart disease, coronary by-pass surgery and heart transplant surgery;
(k) use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
- #53 Summary Of Smoking
1 Tobacco smoke contains tar, carbon monoxide and nicotine. 2 Tar settles on the epithelium lining the bronchi and bronchioles and stimulates inflammation, an increase in the secretion of mucus and an accumulation of phagocytes...
- #52 Cigarette Smoking And Health
Smoking is one of the major avoidable risk factors of chronic, life-threatening diseases of the gas exchange and circulatory systems. The smoke from cigarettes contains several substances that affect the gas exchange system and...
- #51 Summary Of Gas Exchange
1 Multicellular organisms often have surfaces that are specialised to allow exchange of gases to take place between their bodies and the environment. Alveoli in the lungs form the gas exchange surface in mammals. 2 In the human...
- #50 The Gas Exchange System
All organisms take in gases from their environment and release gases to the environment. Animals take in O2 for aerobic respiration and release CO2. Plants also respire, but during daylight hours they photosynthesise at a greater rate than...
- #43.1 Transport In Mammals - Syllabus 2015
? The need for, and functioning of, a transport system in mammals ? Structure and functioning of the mammalian heart Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: (m) [PA] describe the structures of arteries, veins and capillaries and be able to...