Biology
- #57 Immunity - Syllabus 2015
? The immune system ? Vaccination Candidates should be able to: (a) [PA] recognise phagocytes and lymphocytes under the light microscope; (b) state the origin and describe the mode of action of phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils); (c) describe...
- #49.1 Gas Exchange And Smoking Syllabus 2015
? The gas exchange system ? Smoking and smoking-related diseases Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) [PA] describe the structure of the human gas exchange system, including the microscopic structure of the walls of the trachea,...
- #46 The Heart
The mammalian heart is a double pump: - The right side pumps deoxygenated blood at low pressure to the lungs. - The oxygenated blood then returns to the left side of the heart in the pulmonary vein.- The left side pumps oxygenated blood...
- #45 The Components Of Blood, O2 And Co2 Transport
The body contains approximately 5 litres of blood and this is a mixture made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets all suspended in a liquid called plasma. 1. Blood components Red blood cellsTransport O2 from lungs...
- # 44 The Circulatory System - Blood Vessels
The mammalian circulatory system is a closed double circulation, consisting of a heart, blood vessels and blood. The heart produces high pressure --> blood moves through the vessels by mass flow. The mammalian...
Biology
#43.1 Transport in mammals - Syllabus 2015
? The need for, and functioning of, a transport system in mammals
? Structure and functioning of the mammalian heart
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(m) [PA] describe the structures of arteries, veins and capillaries and be able to recognise these vessels using the light microscope;
(n) explain the relationship between the structure and function of arteries, veins and capillaries;
(o) [PA] describe the structure of red blood cells, phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils) and
lymphocytes;
(p) state and explain the differences between blood, tissue fluid and lymph;
(q) describe the role of haemoglobin in carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide (including the role of carbonic anhydrase, the formation of haemoglobinic acid and carbaminohaemoglobin);
(r) describe and explain the significance of the oxygen dissociation curves of adult oxyhaemoglobin at different carbon dioxide concentrations (the Bohr effect);
(s) describe and explain the significance of the increase in the red blood cell count of humans at high
altitude;
(t) describe the external and internal structure of the mammalian heart;
(u) explain the differences in the thickness of the walls of the different chambers in terms of their functions;
(v) describe the mammalian circulatory system as a closed double circulation;
(w) describe the cardiac cycle (including blood pressure changes during systole and diastole);
(x) explain how heart action is initiated and controlled (reference should be made to the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node and the Purkyne tissue);
(y) use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
? Structure and functioning of the mammalian heart
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(m) [PA] describe the structures of arteries, veins and capillaries and be able to recognise these vessels using the light microscope;
(n) explain the relationship between the structure and function of arteries, veins and capillaries;
(o) [PA] describe the structure of red blood cells, phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils) and
lymphocytes;
(p) state and explain the differences between blood, tissue fluid and lymph;
(q) describe the role of haemoglobin in carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide (including the role of carbonic anhydrase, the formation of haemoglobinic acid and carbaminohaemoglobin);
(r) describe and explain the significance of the oxygen dissociation curves of adult oxyhaemoglobin at different carbon dioxide concentrations (the Bohr effect);
(s) describe and explain the significance of the increase in the red blood cell count of humans at high
altitude;
(t) describe the external and internal structure of the mammalian heart;
(u) explain the differences in the thickness of the walls of the different chambers in terms of their functions;
(v) describe the mammalian circulatory system as a closed double circulation;
(w) describe the cardiac cycle (including blood pressure changes during systole and diastole);
(x) explain how heart action is initiated and controlled (reference should be made to the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node and the Purkyne tissue);
(y) use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
- #57 Immunity - Syllabus 2015
? The immune system ? Vaccination Candidates should be able to: (a) [PA] recognise phagocytes and lymphocytes under the light microscope; (b) state the origin and describe the mode of action of phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils); (c) describe...
- #49.1 Gas Exchange And Smoking Syllabus 2015
? The gas exchange system ? Smoking and smoking-related diseases Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) [PA] describe the structure of the human gas exchange system, including the microscopic structure of the walls of the trachea,...
- #46 The Heart
The mammalian heart is a double pump: - The right side pumps deoxygenated blood at low pressure to the lungs. - The oxygenated blood then returns to the left side of the heart in the pulmonary vein.- The left side pumps oxygenated blood...
- #45 The Components Of Blood, O2 And Co2 Transport
The body contains approximately 5 litres of blood and this is a mixture made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets all suspended in a liquid called plasma. 1. Blood components Red blood cellsTransport O2 from lungs...
- # 44 The Circulatory System - Blood Vessels
The mammalian circulatory system is a closed double circulation, consisting of a heart, blood vessels and blood. The heart produces high pressure --> blood moves through the vessels by mass flow. The mammalian...