Biology

phrenology, craniology

Term: phrenology, craniology

Literally meaning: «study of mind»

Origin: Anc Greek

????/phren(genitive:??????/phrenos) =mind, perception, conscience, heart (as emotional center), diaphragm

>?????/phrazo(=consider, recommend, think)

>????/phemi(=show, declare, explain, reveal, present, consider

+(-?????)/-logia(=logy, suffix meaning ?study of?, ?speech?, ?discourse?) > ???/leo (=speak).
???????/cranion(=skull) >???????/cranaos(=rocky, hard, rough)

+(-?????)/-logia(=logy, suffix meaning ?study of?, ?speech?, ?discourse?) > ???/leo (=speak).

Coined/History

In fact the first philosopher to locate mental faculties in the head was Aristoteles but the first attempt to measure skull shape scientifically, was performed by the German physician Franz Joseph Gall (1758?1828). Gall after examining the heads of a number of young pickpockets, found that many of them had bumps on their skull just above their ears and he suggested that these bumps were associated with a tendency to steal, lie or deceive. Gall wrote in 1813 the relative book "The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular, with Observations upon the possibility of ascertaining the several Intellectual and Moral Dispositions of Man and Animal, by the configuration of their Heads?. Gall claimed there are some 26 "organs" on the surface of the brain which affect the contour of the skull, including a "murder organ" present in murderers. At first Gall named the study of cranial hills and valleys "cranioscopy? but in 1815, Thomas Foster called Gall?s work"phrenology" and the name was remained. In the early 19th century phrenology was very popular in US and was highly praised by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Thomas Edison, Alfrend Russel Wallace and many others. Phrenology in 21 cent is considered as a pseudosciense although still has its advocates.

Definition

Phrenology is a pseudoscience based on the concept that the shape and morphology of one's skull are is associated with a person's character and mental capacity and can be detected by visible inspection of the skull.

- Cranium
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Term: thanatology Literally meaning: ?study of death? Origin: Anc Greek???????/thanatos(=death) > ??????/thnisko(=die), ?????/theino(=smite, kill).?????)/-logia(=logy, suffix meaning ?study of?, ?speech?, ?discourse?) > ???/leo (=speak). Coined/Historyby...

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Biology