Biology
Drugs are 4 types:
- Heroin
Term: Heroin Origin: German word ?heroisch? > Greek ???????/heroicos (=heroic) > because of its perceived euphoric effect upon a user. ???? > ?????? /roomai(=dash) Coined: in 1898 as a trademark by Aktiengesellschaft...
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- Alcoholism- Effects And Treatment
Types of alcohols Alcohols include, a. Beverages: They contain 5-15% alcohol. E,g, Wine, beer and toddy. b. Spirits: They contain more than 50% alcohol. E.g. Whisky, brandy, rum, gin, arrack etc . The victims of alcoholism...
- Metabolism
METABOLISM All the biochemical reactions taking place inside a living system together constitute metabolism. E.g.GlycolysisKreb's cycleRespirationPhotosynthesis Removal of CO2 from amino acids to form amine.Removal of amino group in a nucleotide...
- It?s An Exercise Resolution
Biology concepts ? exercise, stress, aging, mood, neurotransmitters, monoamines, endocannabinoids, endorphins, blood brain barrier Exercise is a common New Year?s resolution. You want to test yourself and gain in body and soul what comes from accomplishing...
Biology
Drugs- Types, action
TYPES OF DRUGS
Drugs are 4 types:
1. Depressants:
Depress brain activity. They include
- They are analgesic & depressant (lower tension, anxiety, B.P and respiration rate and reduce visual activity).
- E.g. Opium and its derivatives (Opiates or Opioids).
- Sedatives: Give calmness and relaxation. High doses induce sleep. E.g. Barbiturates (sleeping pills).
- Tranquilizers: Lower tension and anxiety without inducing sleep. E.g. Benzodiazephines (e.g. Valium).
2. Opiate narcotics (pain killers):
- Drugs which bind to specific opioid receptors in CNS and gastrointestinal tract.
- Drugs which bind to specific opioid receptors in CNS and gastrointestinal tract.
- They are analgesic & depressant (lower tension, anxiety, B.P and respiration rate and reduce visual activity).
- E.g. Opium and its derivatives (Opiates or Opioids).
- Opium is obtained from dried latex of unripe capsules of Poppy plant (Papavar somniferum).
Opium derivatives:
- Morphine: Strong analgesic and sedative extracted from the latex of poppy plant. Useful during surgery.
- Brown sugar
- Heroin (Diacetyl morphine/smack): Most dangerous, white, odourless, bitter crystalline compound produced by acetylation of morphine. It is a depressant and slows down body functions. It is taken by snorting & injection.
- Codeine: Mild analgesic. Used in cough syrups.
3. Stimulants:
- Stimulates CNS.
- E.g. Cocaine, Caffeine (cardiac stimulant), amphetamines (synthetic. Used in pep pills).
- Amphetamines & anabolic steroids are misused by some athletes.
- Stimulates CNS.
- E.g. Cocaine, Caffeine (cardiac stimulant), amphetamines (synthetic. Used in pep pills).
- Amphetamines & anabolic steroids are misused by some athletes.
- Coca alkaloid (Cocaine or coke/crack):
- Obtained from coca plant (Erythroxylum coca)
- Interferes the transport of neurotransmitter dopamine.
- Cocaine is usually snorted.
- Stimulate CNS producing euphoria and energy.
- Excessive dosage causes hallucination.
4. Hallucinogens:
| Atropa belladona |
- They cause colourful hallucinations, change thoughts, feelings and perceptions.
- E.g. Mescaline, Psilocybin, Cannabinoids & LSD (Lysergic Acid diethylamide).
- Atropa belladonna & Datura are plants with hallucinogenic property.
- E.g. Mescaline, Psilocybin, Cannabinoids & LSD (Lysergic Acid diethylamide).
- Atropa belladonna & Datura are plants with hallucinogenic property.
Cannabinoids:
- Drugs that interact with cannabinoid receptors in brain.
- Generally taken by inhalation and oral ingestion.
- Natural cannabinoids are obtained from Cannabis sativa (Hemp plant). Its flower tops, leaves & resin are used to produce bhang, ganja, charas (hashish), marijuana etc.
- Affects cardiovascular system.
Skeletal structure of cannabinoid molecule
Addiction and Dependence
- Addiction: It is a psychological attachment (euphoria and a temporary feeling of well being) with drugs and alcohol. With repeated use of drugs, the tolerance level of the receptors increases. Thus the receptors respond only to higher doses leading to greater intake and addiction.
- Dependence: It is the tendency of the body to manifest a characteristic and unpleasant withdrawal syndrome if regular dose of drugs/alcohol is abruptly discontinued. This results in anxiety, shakiness, nausea and sweating. Dependence leads to social adjustment problems.
- Heroin
Term: Heroin Origin: German word ?heroisch? > Greek ???????/heroicos (=heroic) > because of its perceived euphoric effect upon a user. ???? > ?????? /roomai(=dash) Coined: in 1898 as a trademark by Aktiengesellschaft...
- Adolescence: Problems And Causes Of Drug / Alcohol Abuse
Adolescence is ?a period? and ?a process? during which a child becomes mature in terms of his/her attitudes and beliefs for effective participation in society. Adolescence is a bridge linking childhood and adulthood (period of 12-18 years of age). It...
- Alcoholism- Effects And Treatment
Types of alcohols Alcohols include, a. Beverages: They contain 5-15% alcohol. E,g, Wine, beer and toddy. b. Spirits: They contain more than 50% alcohol. E.g. Whisky, brandy, rum, gin, arrack etc . The victims of alcoholism...
- Metabolism
METABOLISM All the biochemical reactions taking place inside a living system together constitute metabolism. E.g.GlycolysisKreb's cycleRespirationPhotosynthesis Removal of CO2 from amino acids to form amine.Removal of amino group in a nucleotide...
- It?s An Exercise Resolution
Biology concepts ? exercise, stress, aging, mood, neurotransmitters, monoamines, endocannabinoids, endorphins, blood brain barrier Exercise is a common New Year?s resolution. You want to test yourself and gain in body and soul what comes from accomplishing...