Biology
- Elongation Factors Bind Alternately To The Ribosome
KEY CONCEPTS:Translocation requires EF-G, whose structure resembles the aminoacyl-tRNA·EF-Tu·GTP complex. Binding of EF-Tu and EF-G to the ribosome is mutually exclusive. Translocation requires GTP hydrolysis, which triggers a change in EF-G, which...
- Elongation Factor Tu Loads Aminoacyl-trna Into The A Site
KEY TERMS:Elongation factors (EF in prokaryotes, eEF in eukaryotes) are proteins that associate with ribosomes cyclically, during addition of each amino acid to the polypeptide chain. EF-Tu is the elongation factor that binds aminoacyl-tRNA and places...
- Thrombin
Term: thrombinLiterally meaning: ?making clot?Origin: Anc Greek+????????/thrombin(=thrombin, a blood coagulation factor, cleaving fibrinogen to form fibrin in the last step of coagulation cascade) > ???????/thrombos(=clot) >?????/threpho(=feed) Coined/History(?)DefinitionProthrombin...
- Vitamins: Water Soluble-4: Sources, Functions, Deficiency Etc
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMINS B9 & B12 Vitamins Vitamin B9 Vitamin B12 Other names Folic acid, folacin, vitamin M, Fermentation residue factor, anti-anaemic factor Cyanocobalamin, extrinsic factor of Castle or Animal Protein factor (APF) Discovered...
- Vitamins: Water Soluble-2: Sources, Functions, Deficiency Etc
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN B3 & B5 Vitamins Vitamin B3 Vitamin B5 Other names Niacine, Nicotinamide, pellagra preventing factor, anti-pellagric factor Pantothenic acid, yeast factor, chick antidermatitis factor or anti-greying factor Discovered...
Biology
COAGULATION FACTORS AND RELATED SUBSTANCES
| Number and/or name | Function | Associated genetic disorders |
| I (Fibrinogen) | Forms clot (fibrin) | Congenital afibrinogenemia, Familial renal amyloidosis |
| II (Prothrombin) | Its active form (IIa) activates I, V, VII, VIII, XI, XIII, protein C, platelets | Hypoprothrombinemia, Thrombophilia |
| III Tissue factor | Co-factor of VIIa (formerly known as factor III) | |
| IV Calcium | Required for coagulation factors to bind to phospholipid (formerly known as factor IV) | |
| V (Proaccelerin, labile factor) | Co-factor of X with which it forms the prothrombinase complex | Activated protein C resistance |
| VI | Unassigned ? old name of Factor Va | |
| VII (Stable factor, proconvertin) | Activates IX, X | congenital proconvertin/factor VII deficiency |
| VIII (Antihemophilic factor A) | Co-factor of IX with which it forms the tenase complex | Haemophilia A |
| IX (Antihemophilic factor B or Christmas factor) | Activates X: forms tenase complex with factor VIII | Haemophilia B |
| X (Stuart-Power factor) | Activates II: forms prothrombinase complex with factor V | Congenital Factor X deficiency |
| XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent) | Activates IX | Haemophilia C |
| XII (Hageman factor) | Activates factor XI, VII and prekallikrein | Hereditary angioedema type III |
| XIII (fibrin-stabilizing factor) | Congenital Factor XIIIa/b deficiency | |
| von Willebrand factor | Binds to VIII, mediates platelet adhesion | von Willebrand disease |
| Prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) | Activates XII and prekallikrein; cleaves HMWK | Prekallikrein/Fletcher Factor deficiency |
| High-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK) (Fitzgerald factor) | Supports reciprocal activation of XII, XI, and prekallikrein | Kininogen deficiency |
| Fibronectin | Mediates cell adhesion | Glomerulopathy with fibronectin deposits |
| Antithrombin III | Inhibits IIa, Xa, and other proteases | Antithrombin III deficiency |
| Heparin cofactor II | Inhibits IIa, cofactor for heparin and dermatan sulfate ("minor antithrombin") | Heparin cofactor II deficiency |
| Protein C | Inactivates Va and VIIIa | Protein C deficiency |
| Protein S | Cofactor for activated protein C (APC, inactive when bound to C4b-binding protein) | Protein S deficiency |
| Protein Z | Mediates thrombin adhesion to phospholipids and stimulates degradation of factor X by ZPI | Protein Z deficiency |
| Protein Z-related protease inhibitor (ZPI) | Degrades factors X (in presence of protein Z) and XI (independently) | |
| Plasminogen | Converts to plasmin, lyses fibrin and other proteins | Plasminogen deficiency, type I (ligneous conjunctivitis) |
| Alpha 2-antiplasmin | Inhibits plasmin | Antiplasmin deficiency |
| Tissue plasminogen activator (tpa) | Activates plasminogen | Familial hyperfibrinolysis and thrombophilia |
| Urokinase | Activates plasminogen | Quebec platelet disorder |
| Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI1) | Inactivates tPA & urokinase (endothelial PAI) | Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 deficiency |
| Plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI2) | Inactivates tPA & urokinase (placental PAI) | |
| Cancer procoagulant | Pathological factor X activator linked to thrombosis in cancer |
- Elongation Factors Bind Alternately To The Ribosome
KEY CONCEPTS:Translocation requires EF-G, whose structure resembles the aminoacyl-tRNA·EF-Tu·GTP complex. Binding of EF-Tu and EF-G to the ribosome is mutually exclusive. Translocation requires GTP hydrolysis, which triggers a change in EF-G, which...
- Elongation Factor Tu Loads Aminoacyl-trna Into The A Site
KEY TERMS:Elongation factors (EF in prokaryotes, eEF in eukaryotes) are proteins that associate with ribosomes cyclically, during addition of each amino acid to the polypeptide chain. EF-Tu is the elongation factor that binds aminoacyl-tRNA and places...
- Thrombin
Term: thrombinLiterally meaning: ?making clot?Origin: Anc Greek+????????/thrombin(=thrombin, a blood coagulation factor, cleaving fibrinogen to form fibrin in the last step of coagulation cascade) > ???????/thrombos(=clot) >?????/threpho(=feed) Coined/History(?)DefinitionProthrombin...
- Vitamins: Water Soluble-4: Sources, Functions, Deficiency Etc
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMINS B9 & B12 Vitamins Vitamin B9 Vitamin B12 Other names Folic acid, folacin, vitamin M, Fermentation residue factor, anti-anaemic factor Cyanocobalamin, extrinsic factor of Castle or Animal Protein factor (APF) Discovered...
- Vitamins: Water Soluble-2: Sources, Functions, Deficiency Etc
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN B3 & B5 Vitamins Vitamin B3 Vitamin B5 Other names Niacine, Nicotinamide, pellagra preventing factor, anti-pellagric factor Pantothenic acid, yeast factor, chick antidermatitis factor or anti-greying factor Discovered...