Biology
- #115 Control And Co-ordination In Mammals, The Nervous System
Humans, like all living organisms, can respond to changes in the environment and so increase survival. Humans have 2 control systems to do this: the nervous system and the endocrine (hormonal) system. The human nervous system controls...
- #112 Osmoregulation
Osmoregulation is the control of the water content of body fluids. It is part of homeostasis, the maintenance of a constant internal environment. It is important that cells are surrounded by tissue fluid of a similar water potential to their own...
- #43.2 Transport In Mammals - Syllabus 2016
8.1 The circulatory system 8.2 The heart As animals become larger, more complex and more active, transport systems become essential to supply nutrients to, and remove waste from, individual cells. Mammals...
- #43.1 Transport In Mammals - Syllabus 2015
? The need for, and functioning of, a transport system in mammals ? Structure and functioning of the mammalian heart Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: (m) [PA] describe the structures of arteries, veins and capillaries and be able to...
- #38.1 Transport In Multicellular Plants - Syllabus 2015
? The need for, and functioning of, a transport system in multicellular plants Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) explain the need for transport systems in multicellular plants and animals in terms of size and surface area to...
Biology
# 114 Control and co-ordination Syllabus 2016
15.1 Control and co-ordination in mammals
15.2 Control and co-ordination in plants
All the activities of multicellular organisms require co-ordinating, some very rapidly and some more slowly. The nervous system and the endocrine system provide co-ordination in mammals. Similar co-ordination systems exist in plants.
Candidates will be expected to use the knowledge gained in this section to solve problems in familiar and unfamiliar contexts.
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
15.1 Control and co-ordination in mammals
The nervous system provides fast communication between receptors and effectors.
Transmission between neurones takes place at synapses.
a) compare the nervous and endocrine systems as communication systems that co-ordinate responses to changes in the internal and external environment (see 14.1a and 14.1b)
b) describe the structure of a sensory neurone and a motor neurone
c) outline the roles of sensory receptor cells in detecting stimuli and stimulating the transmission of nerve impulses in sensory neurones (a suitable example is the chemoreceptor cell found in human taste buds)
d) describe the functions of sensory, relay and motor neurones in a reflex arc
e) describe and explain the transmission of an action potential in a myelinated neurone and its initiation from a resting potential (the importance of sodium and potassium ions in impulse transmission should be emphasised)
f) explain the importance of the myelin sheath (saltatory conduction) in determining the speed of nerve impulses and the refractory period in determining their frequency
g) describe the structure of a cholinergic synapse and explain how it functions, including the role of calcium ions
h) outline the roles of synapses in the nervous system in allowing transmission in one direction and in allowing connections between one neurone and many others (summation, facilitation and inhibitory synapses are not required)
i) describe the roles of neuromuscular junctions, transverse system tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum in stimulating contraction in striated muscle
j) describe the ultrastructure of striated muscle with particular reference to sarcomere structure
k) explain the sliding filament model of muscular contraction including the roles of troponin, tropomyosin, calcium ions and ATP.
The endocrine system is a slower system that controls long-term changes. Fertility may be controlled by use of hormones.
l) explain the roles of the hormones FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone in controlling changes in the ovary and uterus during the human menstrual cycle
m) outline the biological basis of contraceptive pills containing oestrogen and/or progesterone
15.2 Control and co-ordination in plants
Plant co-ordination systems involve rapid responses as in the case of the Venus fly trap, but also complex interactions between plant growth regulators, such as auxin and gibberellin.
Plants respond quite differently to different concentrations of plant growth regulators.
a) describe the rapid response of the Venus fly trap to stimulation of hairs on the lobes of modified leaves and explain how the closure of the trap is achieved
b) explain the role of auxin in elongation growth by stimulating proton pumping to acidify cell walls
c) describe the role of gibberellin in the germination of wheat or barley
d) explain the role of gibberellin in stem elongation including the role of the dominant allele, Le, that codes for a functioning enzyme in the gibberellin synthesis pathway, and the recessive allele, le, that codes for a non-functional enzyme.
15.2 Control and co-ordination in plants
All the activities of multicellular organisms require co-ordinating, some very rapidly and some more slowly. The nervous system and the endocrine system provide co-ordination in mammals. Similar co-ordination systems exist in plants.
Candidates will be expected to use the knowledge gained in this section to solve problems in familiar and unfamiliar contexts.
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
15.1 Control and co-ordination in mammals
The nervous system provides fast communication between receptors and effectors.
Transmission between neurones takes place at synapses.
a) compare the nervous and endocrine systems as communication systems that co-ordinate responses to changes in the internal and external environment (see 14.1a and 14.1b)
b) describe the structure of a sensory neurone and a motor neurone
c) outline the roles of sensory receptor cells in detecting stimuli and stimulating the transmission of nerve impulses in sensory neurones (a suitable example is the chemoreceptor cell found in human taste buds)
d) describe the functions of sensory, relay and motor neurones in a reflex arc
e) describe and explain the transmission of an action potential in a myelinated neurone and its initiation from a resting potential (the importance of sodium and potassium ions in impulse transmission should be emphasised)
f) explain the importance of the myelin sheath (saltatory conduction) in determining the speed of nerve impulses and the refractory period in determining their frequency
g) describe the structure of a cholinergic synapse and explain how it functions, including the role of calcium ions
h) outline the roles of synapses in the nervous system in allowing transmission in one direction and in allowing connections between one neurone and many others (summation, facilitation and inhibitory synapses are not required)
i) describe the roles of neuromuscular junctions, transverse system tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum in stimulating contraction in striated muscle
j) describe the ultrastructure of striated muscle with particular reference to sarcomere structure
k) explain the sliding filament model of muscular contraction including the roles of troponin, tropomyosin, calcium ions and ATP.
The endocrine system is a slower system that controls long-term changes. Fertility may be controlled by use of hormones.
l) explain the roles of the hormones FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone in controlling changes in the ovary and uterus during the human menstrual cycle
m) outline the biological basis of contraceptive pills containing oestrogen and/or progesterone
15.2 Control and co-ordination in plants
Plant co-ordination systems involve rapid responses as in the case of the Venus fly trap, but also complex interactions between plant growth regulators, such as auxin and gibberellin.
Plants respond quite differently to different concentrations of plant growth regulators.
a) describe the rapid response of the Venus fly trap to stimulation of hairs on the lobes of modified leaves and explain how the closure of the trap is achieved
b) explain the role of auxin in elongation growth by stimulating proton pumping to acidify cell walls
c) describe the role of gibberellin in the germination of wheat or barley
d) explain the role of gibberellin in stem elongation including the role of the dominant allele, Le, that codes for a functioning enzyme in the gibberellin synthesis pathway, and the recessive allele, le, that codes for a non-functional enzyme.
- #115 Control And Co-ordination In Mammals, The Nervous System
Humans, like all living organisms, can respond to changes in the environment and so increase survival. Humans have 2 control systems to do this: the nervous system and the endocrine (hormonal) system. The human nervous system controls...
- #112 Osmoregulation
Osmoregulation is the control of the water content of body fluids. It is part of homeostasis, the maintenance of a constant internal environment. It is important that cells are surrounded by tissue fluid of a similar water potential to their own...
- #43.2 Transport In Mammals - Syllabus 2016
8.1 The circulatory system 8.2 The heart As animals become larger, more complex and more active, transport systems become essential to supply nutrients to, and remove waste from, individual cells. Mammals...
- #43.1 Transport In Mammals - Syllabus 2015
? The need for, and functioning of, a transport system in mammals ? Structure and functioning of the mammalian heart Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: (m) [PA] describe the structures of arteries, veins and capillaries and be able to...
- #38.1 Transport In Multicellular Plants - Syllabus 2015
? The need for, and functioning of, a transport system in multicellular plants Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) explain the need for transport systems in multicellular plants and animals in terms of size and surface area to...