Biology
This is how proteins are manufactured and secreted in cells.
Amino acids pass through the plasma membrane by diffusion down a concentration gradient or by active transport. They then combine with their specific tRNA. They are then transported to ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they are incorporated into a polypeptide via protein synthesis. The protein molecule is then packaged into a transport vesicle, which pinches off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The vesicle transports the protein molecule to the Golgi apparatus where it fuses wiht the cis face of the Golgi apparatus. Protein is chemically modified as it moves through the Golgi apparatus, undergoing post-translational modification. Trans face gives rise to vesicles containing the inactive form of the protein. The secretory vesicle eventually buds off from the secreting face of the Golgi apparatus. When vesicles reach the cell surface, it fuses with the plasma membrane, and releases the inactive protein by exocytosis, using ATP in the process.
- Animal Eukaryotic Cell Components: Structure And Function
I posted a picture of the eukaryotic animal cell earlier, but it was simply a labeled diagram. Here we will go into each of the major parts of the cell, as well as each organelle's function, not to mention the overall structure of the cell. As the...
- Membrane Systems
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consists of a series of membranes creating channels within the cytoplasm, which are continuous with the nuclear membrane. They also form sheets that enclose cellular spaces called cisternae. ER provides a large surface area...
- Translation
Translation is the process by which a triplet base sequence of mRNA molecules are converted into a specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain in the cytoplasm of a cell. It consists of initiation, elongation, and termination. The mRNA, a...
- Signal Sequences Initiate Translocation
KEY TERMS:Protein sorting (targeting) is the direction of different types of proteins for transport into or between specific organelles. A signal sequence is a short region of a protein that directs it to the endoplasmic reticulum for co-translational...
- Protein Localization
Proteins are synthesized in two types of location:The vast majority of proteins are synthesized by ribosomes in the cytosol. A small minority are synthesized by ribosomes within organelles (mitochondria or chloroplasts).Proteins synthesized in the cytosol...
Biology
Manufacture and secretion of proteins
This is how proteins are manufactured and secreted in cells.
Amino acids pass through the plasma membrane by diffusion down a concentration gradient or by active transport. They then combine with their specific tRNA. They are then transported to ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they are incorporated into a polypeptide via protein synthesis. The protein molecule is then packaged into a transport vesicle, which pinches off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The vesicle transports the protein molecule to the Golgi apparatus where it fuses wiht the cis face of the Golgi apparatus. Protein is chemically modified as it moves through the Golgi apparatus, undergoing post-translational modification. Trans face gives rise to vesicles containing the inactive form of the protein. The secretory vesicle eventually buds off from the secreting face of the Golgi apparatus. When vesicles reach the cell surface, it fuses with the plasma membrane, and releases the inactive protein by exocytosis, using ATP in the process.
- Animal Eukaryotic Cell Components: Structure And Function
I posted a picture of the eukaryotic animal cell earlier, but it was simply a labeled diagram. Here we will go into each of the major parts of the cell, as well as each organelle's function, not to mention the overall structure of the cell. As the...
- Membrane Systems
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consists of a series of membranes creating channels within the cytoplasm, which are continuous with the nuclear membrane. They also form sheets that enclose cellular spaces called cisternae. ER provides a large surface area...
- Translation
Translation is the process by which a triplet base sequence of mRNA molecules are converted into a specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain in the cytoplasm of a cell. It consists of initiation, elongation, and termination. The mRNA, a...
- Signal Sequences Initiate Translocation
KEY TERMS:Protein sorting (targeting) is the direction of different types of proteins for transport into or between specific organelles. A signal sequence is a short region of a protein that directs it to the endoplasmic reticulum for co-translational...
- Protein Localization
Proteins are synthesized in two types of location:The vast majority of proteins are synthesized by ribosomes in the cytosol. A small minority are synthesized by ribosomes within organelles (mitochondria or chloroplasts).Proteins synthesized in the cytosol...